9+ Trending Bridesmaid & Groomsmen Color Ideas 2024


9+ Trending Bridesmaid & Groomsmen Color Ideas 2024

Attendant apparel hues play a major position within the total aesthetic of a marriage ceremony. These rigorously chosen shades typically complement the marriage’s theme, floral preparations, and total dcor, making a visually cohesive and harmonious ambiance. As an example, a rustic-themed wedding ceremony would possibly function earthy tones like sage inexperienced or dusty rose, whereas a seaside wedding ceremony may incorporate shades of coral or ocean blue.

Harmonized apparel enhances the visible attraction of the marriage occasion, contributing to memorable pictures and a cultured presentation. Traditionally, these colour selections symbolized unity and served as a visible distinction for the bridal occasion. At the moment, deciding on these hues affords {couples} a chance to precise their private fashion and create a cohesive visible narrative for his or her big day. This cautious coordination provides a component of class and class to the celebration.

This text will discover varied elements of choosing complementary apparel shades, discussing present traits, basic mixtures, and sensible issues for {couples} planning their weddings.

1. Seasonality

Seasonality considerably influences apparel colour selections for wedding ceremony events. The time of yr gives a pure palette that may encourage harmonious and visually interesting aesthetics. Aligning apparel with the season’s ambiance enhances the general celebratory ambiance.

  • Spring

    Spring weddings typically function pastel hues and vibrant colours that mirror the season’s renewal and blossoming flora. Gentle greens, lavenders, and blush pinks evoke a way of freshness and romance. These colours complement the pure backdrop of blooming flowers and contemporary greenery.

  • Summer time

    Summer time weddings supply alternatives for bolder colour palettes. Shiny corals, sunny yellows, and vibrant blues mirror the vitality and heat of the season. These selections will be paired with lighter neutrals for a balanced aesthetic, appropriate for out of doors celebrations underneath clear skies.

  • Autumn

    Autumnal weddings typically incorporate earthy tones like burnt orange, deep reds, and golden yellows. These hues echo the altering foliage and create a heat, inviting ambiance. Wealthy jewel tones equivalent to emerald inexperienced and sapphire blue additionally complement the season’s depth and richness.

  • Winter

    Winter weddings lend themselves to deeper, extra dramatic colour palettes. Deep reds, navy blues, and emerald greens create a way of class and class. These colours will be accented with metallics like gold or silver for added sparkle, becoming the festive ambiance of the season.

Contemplating the season permits {couples} to pick apparel colours that harmonize with the pure environment and create a cohesive visible narrative for his or her wedding ceremony. This consideration to element elevates the general aesthetic and contributes to a memorable celebration.

2. Marriage ceremony Theme

Marriage ceremony themes considerably affect apparel colour palettes. A cohesive aesthetic requires cautious consideration of the chosen theme and its impression on the general visible narrative. The theme units the tone and elegance for the whole occasion, and apparel colours play a vital position in reinforcing this thematic path.

As an example, a rustic-themed wedding ceremony would possibly incorporate earthy tones equivalent to sage inexperienced, dusty rose, or taupe for apparel. These colours complement the pure components typically related to rustic settings, like wooden, burlap, and wildflowers. Conversely, a glamorous, vintage-inspired wedding ceremony would possibly function richer jewel tones like emerald inexperienced, sapphire blue, or ruby crimson, echoing the opulence and class of the period. A bohemian-themed wedding ceremony would possibly make the most of flowing materials and earthy tones like burnt orange, terracotta, or mustard yellow, reflecting a free-spirited and creative vibe. These examples show how theme dictates the suitable colour palette for attendant apparel, making a harmonious and visually interesting aesthetic.

Understanding the interaction between wedding ceremony theme and apparel hues is essential for reaching a cohesive and visually impactful occasion. Cautious collection of apparel colours enhances the chosen theme and contributes to a memorable celebration. Disregarding this connection may end up in a disjointed aesthetic, detracting from the general ambiance and visible narrative. Subsequently, {couples} ought to prioritize thematic consistency when deciding on apparel colours to make sure a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing wedding ceremony celebration.

3. Venue Aesthetic

Venue aesthetic considerably influences apparel colour selections. The venue’s inherent fashion, colour palette, and total ambiance ought to harmonize with the chosen apparel hues to create a cohesive and visually interesting occasion. Dissonance between venue and apparel can detract from the general aesthetic, whereas cautious coordination elevates the visible narrative.

  • Ballroom Class

    Grand ballrooms, typically that includes ornate particulars and impartial colour palettes, present a flexible backdrop for varied apparel colours. Wealthy jewel tones or basic black and white apparel create a classy ambiance, whereas softer pastels can add a contact of romance. The venue’s present class permits for flexibility in apparel selections, emphasizing formality and class.

  • Rustic Attraction

    Rustic venues, equivalent to barns or vineyards, typically function pure wooden and stone components. Earthy tones like sage inexperienced, dusty rose, or heat browns complement these pure supplies, making a harmonious and natural aesthetic. Brighter colours could conflict with the country ambiance, so softer, extra pure hues are usually most popular.

  • Beachfront Serenity

    Beachfront venues name for lighter, ethereal apparel colours that complement the pure environment. Shades of blue, coral, or seafoam inexperienced evoke the ocean’s tranquility, whereas lighter neutrals like ivory or champagne create a relaxed and chic ambiance. Heavier or darker colours could seem misplaced within the brilliant, ethereal setting of a seaside wedding ceremony.

  • Backyard Romance

    Backyard venues, full of lush greenery and vibrant blooms, present a backdrop for a spread of apparel colours. Pastel hues and floral prints create a romantic and kooky ambiance, whereas brighter colours can complement the backyard’s vibrancy. The pure great thing about the setting permits for higher flexibility in apparel selections, emphasizing the romantic and natural ambiance.

Cautious consideration of venue aesthetic is essential when deciding on apparel colours. Harmonizing these components enhances the general visible impression of the marriage, making a cohesive and memorable occasion. The venue’s inherent fashion units the stage for the whole celebration, and apparel colours ought to complement and improve this established aesthetic.

4. Colour Palettes

Colour palettes function the muse for cohesive and visually interesting apparel. A well-chosen palette guides apparel choice, making certain harmonious mixtures and a unified aesthetic. Understanding colour idea ideas, equivalent to complementary, analogous, and triadic colour schemes, aids in creating balanced and visually interesting palettes. For instance, a complementary palette would possibly pair navy blue groomsmen apparel with blush pink bridesmaid attire, making a visually hanging distinction. A similar palette, utilizing shades of inexperienced and blue, affords a extra refined and harmonious impact. Triadic palettes, equivalent to a mixture of purple, orange, and inexperienced, present a vibrant and dynamic aesthetic.

Sensible software of colour palettes extends past apparel. Palettes affect floral preparations, dcor components, and stationery, making a unified visible narrative all through the marriage. Consideration must be given to the venue’s present colour scheme to make sure harmonious integration. For a country barn wedding ceremony, a palette of earthy tones like beige, brown, and sage inexperienced is likely to be applicable. A seaside wedding ceremony would possibly make the most of a palette of blues, corals, and sandy neutrals. Incorporating metallic accents, equivalent to gold or silver, can add a contact of class and class to any palette. Texture additionally performs a job; incorporating totally different materials and supplies can add depth and visible curiosity to the general aesthetic.

Efficient colour palette choice is essential for reaching a visually harmonious and memorable wedding ceremony. Cautious consideration of colour idea ideas, venue aesthetics, and private preferences ensures a cohesive and impactful celebration. Challenges could come up when coordinating varied components, however a well-defined palette simplifies decision-making and contributes to a cohesive aesthetic expertise.

5. Cloth Sorts

Cloth varieties considerably affect the looks of apparel colours. The interaction between material and colour is essential for reaching the specified aesthetic. Totally different materials mirror mild in another way, affecting colour saturation and total look. Understanding these nuances is crucial for choosing apparel that enhances the marriage’s colour palette and total theme.

  • Chiffon

    Chiffon, a light-weight and flowing material, typically utilized in bridesmaid attire, tends to create a softer, extra muted colour look. Its sheer nature permits mild to cross by way of, leading to a barely much less saturated hue. This ethereal high quality makes chiffon appropriate for romantic and kooky wedding ceremony themes, notably in out of doors or spring/summer time settings. Nevertheless, its delicate nature requires cautious consideration of undergarments and layering to keep away from undesirable transparency.

  • Satin

    Satin, a easy and opulent material, displays mild considerably, leading to vibrant and wealthy colour saturation. This lustrous high quality makes satin superb for formal or glamorous wedding ceremony themes, including a contact of class and class to apparel. Satin’s reflective properties may emphasize imperfections, requiring cautious tailoring and a focus to suit. Its easy floor will be liable to wrinkles, requiring cautious dealing with and steaming.

  • Velvet

    Velvet, a luxurious and textured material, absorbs mild, leading to deep, wealthy colours with a refined sheen. This luxury texture provides depth and dimension to apparel, making it appropriate for fall or winter weddings and extra formal settings. Velvet’s thickness will be much less snug in hotter climates, and its pile will be liable to crushing or marking, requiring cautious dealing with and storage. The feel of velvet may affect the notion of colour, ensuring shades seem darker or extra intense.

  • Linen

    Linen, a pure and breathable material, affords a extra relaxed and informal aesthetic. Its textured weave creates a barely muted colour look, appropriate for rustic or out of doors weddings. Linen’s pure wrinkles contribute to its informal allure, however will not be appropriate for formal affairs. Its breathability makes it snug for hotter climates, however its tendency to wrinkle requires consideration.

Choosing applicable materials is essential for reaching the specified colour impact and total aesthetic. The interaction between material and colour considerably impacts the ultimate look of apparel, influencing the marriage’s visible narrative. Subsequently, cautious consideration of material properties, equivalent to texture, weight, and lightweight reflection, ensures a cohesive and visually interesting consequence. The selection of material contributes not solely to the colour’s look but additionally to the general consolation and elegance of the marriage occasion.

6. Pores and skin Tones

Attendant apparel colour choice ought to complement the varied vary of pores and skin tones inside the wedding ceremony occasion. Harmonizing apparel hues with particular person complexions enhances the general aesthetic and ensures every member feels assured and radiant. Cautious consideration of pores and skin tone avoids colours that conflict or wash out particular person complexions, contributing to a cohesive and visually interesting wedding ceremony occasion.

  • Heat Undertones

    People with heat undertones, typically characterised by golden or olive pores and skin, usually look finest in earthy tones, wealthy jewel tones, and hotter shades of colours. Gold, bronze, olive inexperienced, and burnt orange complement these undertones, enhancing the pure heat of the complexion. Conversely, cool colours like icy blues or jewel tones can conflict, making the pores and skin seem sallow.

  • Cool Undertones

    People with cool undertones, typically characterised by pink or blue undertones of their pores and skin, usually complement cooler colours and jewel tones. Shades of blue, purple, lavender, and emerald inexperienced improve these undertones, making a radiant and harmonious look. Conversely, hotter colours like orange or yellow can conflict, making the pores and skin seem washed out.

  • Impartial Undertones

    People with impartial undertones, a stability of heat and funky, have the benefit of complementing a wider vary of colours. Each heat and funky shades can work effectively, providing higher flexibility in apparel choice. Impartial undertones typically seem balanced with muted shades or dusty pastels. Experimenting with totally different hues may also help decide probably the most flattering choices.

  • Deep Complexions

    Deep complexions typically radiate in wealthy jewel tones, vibrant colours, and metallics. Emerald inexperienced, sapphire blue, ruby crimson, and gold improve the richness of deep pores and skin tones, making a hanging and chic look. Pastel shades could wash out deeper complexions, whereas bolder colours create a extra impactful and harmonious aesthetic.

Contemplating the varied vary of pores and skin tones inside the wedding ceremony occasion is essential for choosing apparel colours that improve particular person complexions and create a cohesive total aesthetic. Attendant consolation and confidence are paramount, and deciding on flattering hues contributes to a constructive and memorable expertise for everybody concerned. A harmonious mix of apparel colours and particular person pores and skin tones elevates the visible attraction of the marriage occasion, creating a really radiant and celebratory ambiance.

7. Cultural Influences

Cultural influences play a major position in shaping apparel colour selections for weddings. These influences mirror traditions, symbolism, and regional customs, including depth and that means to the general aesthetic. Understanding these cultural nuances gives worthwhile context for choosing applicable and respectful apparel colours, enhancing the marriage’s cultural significance and visible narrative.

  • Conventional Chinese language Weddings

    In conventional Chinese language weddings, the colour crimson symbolizes prosperity, good luck, and happiness. It’s typically the dominant colour for bridal apparel and wedding ceremony decorations. Bridesmaids can also put on crimson or different auspicious colours like gold. Groomsmen apparel could complement the bride’s with gold accents or incorporate conventional Chinese language motifs. This emphasis on crimson displays deeply ingrained cultural values and beliefs surrounding marriage.

  • Indian Weddings

    Indian weddings are identified for his or her vibrant colours and wealthy cultural symbolism. Purple is usually favored for bridal apparel, symbolizing fertility and prosperity. Bridesmaids could put on a wide range of vibrant colours, equivalent to pink, orange, yellow, or inexperienced. Groomsmen apparel typically enhances the bride’s outfit or incorporates conventional Indian clothes like sherwanis. The precise colour selections can differ primarily based on regional traditions and household preferences.

  • Western European Traditions

    In lots of Western European cultures, white has turn out to be the standard colour for bridal robes, symbolizing purity and innocence. Bridesmaids historically put on complementary colours, typically pastels or shades that coordinate with the marriage theme. Groomsmen usually put on fits or tuxedos in basic colours like black, navy, or grey. These traditions have developed over time, influenced by historic and social components, however stay vital in shaping modern wedding ceremony aesthetics.

  • Fashionable Multicultural Diversifications

    Fashionable weddings typically mix cultural traditions, leading to numerous and personalised apparel colour selections. {Couples} could incorporate components from their respective cultural backgrounds, creating distinctive and significant colour palettes. This mixing of traditions permits for inventive expression whereas honoring cultural heritage. The ensuing apparel colours mirror the couple’s distinctive story and their celebration of numerous cultural influences.

Attendant apparel colours typically mirror a pair’s cultural heritage, including depth and that means to the marriage’s visible narrative. Respecting cultural traditions and symbolism enhances the celebratory ambiance and creates a extra significant and personalised expertise. The cautious collection of apparel colours, knowledgeable by cultural influences, contributes to a visually gorgeous and culturally wealthy celebration.

8. Present Traits

Present traits in wedding ceremony apparel colours considerably affect the general aesthetic of contemporary celebrations. Staying knowledgeable about evolving types permits {couples} to pick apparel that displays modern sensibilities whereas complementing their private preferences. These traits typically draw inspiration from style runways, seasonal influences, and rising cultural aesthetics, providing a dynamic vary of choices for wedding ceremony events.

  • Combine-and-Match Kinds

    Combine-and-match bridesmaid attire have gained recognition, permitting for particular person expression inside a cohesive aesthetic. Quite than uniform apparel, bridesmaids can choose attire in various shades inside a selected colour palette and even totally different types that complement one another. This method celebrates individuality whereas sustaining a harmonious total look. For instance, bridesmaids would possibly put on totally different shades of blush, rose, and mauve, or select totally different necklines and silhouettes inside an analogous colour household.

  • Neutrals and Earth Tones

    Impartial and earth-toned apparel palettes have turn out to be more and more prevalent. Shades like champagne, blush, sage inexperienced, and taupe supply a timeless and complex aesthetic, complementing varied wedding ceremony themes and venue types. These colours create a chilled and chic backdrop, permitting different wedding ceremony particulars to face out. In addition they supply versatility for future put on, making them a sustainable alternative.

  • Daring and Vibrant Hues

    Whereas neutrals stay common, incorporating daring and vibrant colours can be trending. Jewel tones like emerald inexperienced, sapphire blue, and ruby crimson supply a dramatic and opulent aesthetic, notably appropriate for formal or night weddings. These colours create a visually hanging assertion, including a component of opulence and class to the marriage occasion’s apparel.

  • Sustainable Materials and Practices

    Sustainability is more and more influencing apparel selections. {Couples} are choosing eco-friendly materials like natural cotton, linen, or recycled supplies. Renting apparel or selecting versatile types that may be worn once more after the marriage are additionally gaining traction. This development displays a rising consciousness of environmental impression and a need for extra aware client selections.

Present traits in apparel colours supply a various vary of choices for {couples} in search of modern and trendy wedding ceremony aesthetics. These traits, reflecting evolving style sensibilities and cultural influences, present inspiration for creating visually interesting and personalised wedding ceremony celebrations. By understanding these traits, {couples} can choose apparel that enhances their total imaginative and prescient whereas making certain a cohesive and memorable aesthetic.

9. Private Preferences

Private preferences play a vital position in deciding on apparel colours, including a singular and significant contact to the general wedding ceremony aesthetic. Whereas present traits and conventional customs supply worthwhile steerage, particular person tastes finally form the ultimate resolution. This private contact permits {couples} to precise their fashion and create a marriage that displays their distinctive relationship and imaginative and prescient.

  • Particular person Model

    Particular person fashion considerably influences apparel colour selections. Some {couples} favor basic and timeless aesthetics, choosing impartial palettes or conventional colour mixtures. Others gravitate in direction of bolder, extra unconventional selections, reflecting their distinctive personalities and preferences. For instance, a pair with a minimalist aesthetic would possibly select easy, elegant apparel in shades of ivory or champagne, whereas a pair with a extra eclectic fashion would possibly go for vibrant jewel tones or patterned materials. These selections mirror the couple’s persona and contribute to a customized celebration.

  • Emotional Connection to Colours

    Colours evoke feelings and maintain private significance. {Couples} could choose apparel colours primarily based on constructive associations or sentimental worth. Particular colours would possibly remind them of shared reminiscences, significant experiences, or private milestones. As an example, a pair would possibly select a selected shade of blue as a result of it reminds them of the ocean the place they acquired engaged, or they could choose a colour that represents a shared ardour or pastime. These emotional connections add depth and that means to the apparel selections.

  • Imaginative and prescient for the General Aesthetic

    {Couples} typically have a selected imaginative and prescient for his or her wedding ceremony’s total aesthetic, which guides apparel colour choice. This imaginative and prescient would possibly embody a selected theme, temper, or degree of ritual. The chosen apparel colours contribute to this total imaginative and prescient, making a cohesive and harmonious aesthetic. A pair envisioning a romantic, garden-inspired wedding ceremony would possibly go for pastel hues and floral prints, whereas a pair planning a contemporary, minimalist celebration would possibly choose glossy, monochromatic apparel. The apparel colours turn out to be an integral a part of realizing the couple’s desired aesthetic.

  • Sensible Concerns

    Sensible issues additionally affect private preferences for apparel colours. Components equivalent to funds, availability, and seasonality can impression the ultimate resolution. {Couples} would possibly want to think about the price of totally different materials or dyes, the provision of sure colours in desired types, and the appropriateness of particular colours for the time of yr. These sensible issues typically necessitate compromises and changes to the preliminary imaginative and prescient, demonstrating the dynamic interaction between private preferences and logistical constraints.

Finally, the collection of apparel colours displays a stability between private preferences, sensible issues, and prevailing traits. This stability permits {couples} to create a marriage that’s each visually interesting and deeply private, reflecting their distinctive fashion and imaginative and prescient. The chosen colours turn out to be a tangible expression of the couple’s shared aesthetic and the emotional significance they connect to their big day.

Incessantly Requested Questions

Addressing frequent queries relating to wedding ceremony occasion apparel choice facilitates knowledgeable decision-making and contributes to a cohesive and visually harmonious celebration. The next addresses prevalent issues and potential misconceptions.

Query 1: Should attendant apparel colours completely match the general wedding ceremony colour palette?

Exact colour matching is not obligatory. Harmonious coordination between apparel and the broader palette is essential. Complementary or analogous colour schemes can create a visually interesting stability with out requiring actual matches.

Query 2: Is it acceptable to pick totally different apparel colours for bridesmaids and groomsmen?

Differentiated apparel colours are acceptable and may improve visible curiosity. Cohesion will be maintained by way of shared accent colours or complementary colour palettes that create a balanced aesthetic.

Query 3: How does one choose apparel colours that complement varied pores and skin tones inside the wedding ceremony occasion?

Consulting on-line sources, using colour palettes, and in search of skilled steerage from stylists or consultants can help in deciding on colours that flatter numerous complexions. Testing colours underneath varied lighting situations ensures correct evaluation.

Query 4: Do apparel colour selections differ primarily based on the time of yr or wedding ceremony venue?

Seasonality and venue aesthetics affect apparel colour appropriateness. Lighter colours typically go well with spring and summer time weddings, whereas deeper hues complement fall and winter celebrations. Venue fashion additionally informs colour selections, making certain a harmonious aesthetic.

Query 5: What are present traits in wedding ceremony apparel colours, and the way can one incorporate them successfully?

Bridal magazines, on-line platforms, and social media supply insights into present traits. Incorporating traits ought to align with private preferences and the marriage’s total aesthetic, making certain a cohesive and personalised celebration.

Query 6: What are some cost-effective methods for choosing wedding ceremony occasion apparel with out compromising aesthetic high quality?

Exploring rental choices, contemplating versatile types that may be re-worn, and deciding on available materials can cut back prices with out sacrificing visible attraction. Prioritizing high quality over amount ensures a cultured and cohesive look inside funds constraints.

Cautious consideration of those regularly requested questions empowers {couples} to navigate apparel colour choice with confidence, making certain a visually harmonious and personalised wedding ceremony celebration.

Exploring varied sources and in search of skilled steerage additional improve decision-making, contributing to a memorable and aesthetically pleasing occasion.

Ideas for Harmonious Attendant Apparel

Cautious collection of attendant apparel hues considerably enhances the general wedding ceremony aesthetic. The following pointers present sensible steerage for reaching a cohesive and visually interesting presentation.

Tip 1: Contemplate Venue Compatibility: Venue aesthetics considerably affect apparel appropriateness. Rustic settings profit from earthy tones, whereas elegant ballrooms permit for richer hues. Harmonizing apparel with the venue creates a cohesive visible narrative.

Tip 2: Embrace Seasonal Influences: Leverage seasonal palettes for harmonious colour integration. Pastel hues complement spring, whereas jewel tones improve autumnal celebrations. Aligning apparel with seasonal aesthetics elevates visible attraction.

Tip 3: Prioritize Pores and skin Tone Concord: Choose hues that complement the varied complexions inside the wedding ceremony occasion. Contemplate heat versus cool undertones to make sure every attendant feels assured and radiant. Pores and skin tone compatibility ensures a flattering and harmonious aesthetic.

Tip 4: Discover Cloth and Colour Interaction: Totally different materials impression colour presentation. Chiffon softens hues, whereas satin enhances vibrancy. Understanding material properties ensures correct colour illustration and desired aesthetic results.

Tip 5: Stability Traits with Private Model: Whereas staying knowledgeable about present traits is useful, prioritize private preferences. Integrating traits ought to complement, not dictate, particular person fashion, making certain a customized celebration.

Tip 6: Make the most of On-line Assets and Skilled Steering: Leverage digital instruments and professional recommendation for knowledgeable decision-making. On-line palettes {and professional} stylists present worthwhile insights, helping in deciding on cohesive and flattering hues.

Tip 7: Implement a Cohesive Colour Palette: Develop a complete colour scheme that guides apparel, floral preparations, and dcor components. A unified palette creates a harmonious visible narrative all through the marriage celebration.

Tip 8: Conduct Thorough Analysis and Testing: Analysis varied colour mixtures and check potential hues underneath numerous lighting situations. Thorough preparation prevents unexpected discrepancies and ensures desired outcomes.

Strategic implementation of the following pointers ensures harmonious attendant apparel, contributing to a visually gorgeous and memorable wedding ceremony celebration. Cautious planning and a focus to element elevate the general aesthetic, making a cohesive and personalised expertise.

These pointers present a basis for knowledgeable decision-making, permitting {couples} to pick apparel that enhances their distinctive imaginative and prescient and enhances the general wedding ceremony aesthetic. The ultimate choice ought to resonate with private fashion and create a visually cohesive celebration.

The Significance of Harmonious Attendant Apparel

Cautious collection of attendant apparel hues is integral to a visually cohesive and memorable wedding ceremony celebration. This exploration has highlighted the multifaceted nature of this resolution, encompassing components equivalent to venue aesthetics, seasonal influences, pores and skin tone compatibility, material properties, present traits, cultural issues, and private preferences. Understanding the interaction of those components empowers {couples} to create a harmonious and personalised aesthetic.

Finally, apparel colour choice transcends mere aesthetics; it displays a pair’s shared imaginative and prescient and contributes to the emotional resonance of their big day. Considerate consideration of those components ensures a visually gorgeous celebration that displays particular person fashion and cultural significance. The harmonious integration of apparel hues elevates the general aesthetic, leaving an enduring impression on all who attend.