8+ Trendy Color Block Watercolor 24 Set Ideas


8+ Trendy Color Block Watercolor 24 Set Ideas

A set of 24 watercolor paints, organized by colour household and infrequently offered in a block or pan format, is a standard artwork provide. This configuration permits artists to simply choose and mix colours, creating vibrant and dynamic paintings. The block format contributes to environment friendly colour mixing and group, selling a streamlined portray course of.

The provision of a variety of colours inside a compact set advantages each novice {and professional} artists. Having a curated number of hues available encourages experimentation and facilitates the event of advanced colour palettes. Traditionally, watercolor portray has relied on cautious pigment choice and mixing. Trendy, pre-filled block units democratize this course of, providing artists larger accessibility and comfort.

Additional exploration will delve into particular strategies, appropriate paper sorts, and strategies for maximizing the potential of such units. Moreover, the evolution of watercolor paints and the benefits of the block format can be examined in larger element.

1. Pigment High quality

Pigment high quality considerably impacts the traits and longevity of paintings created with a 24-color block watercolor set. Increased high quality pigments supply larger lightfastness, which means the colours resist fading over time when uncovered to mild. That is essential for making certain paintings retains its vibrancy and worth. Pigment high quality additionally impacts colour depth and saturation. Finely floor pigments, usually present in artist-grade units, produce richer, extra vibrant colours in comparison with coarser pigments present in student-grade units. The distinction is noticeable within the luminosity and depth of washes and the general brilliance of the completed piece. As an example, a cadmium purple from a high-quality set will seem considerably extra vibrant and lightfast than a hue produced from artificial substitutes in a inexpensive set.

The binder utilized in formulating watercolor paints additionally performs a task. Excessive-quality binders, like gum arabic, enable for easy utility, even dispersion of pigment, and contribute to the paint’s general brilliance and luminosity. Inferior binders can lead to uneven washes, cracking, and a boring look. That is significantly noticeable when working with a restricted palette, as in a 24-color set, the place the person traits of every colour turn into extra pronounced. Selecting a set with high-quality pigments and binders ensures constant outcomes and larger management over colour mixing, glazing, and different watercolor strategies.

Understanding pigment high quality is essential for artists in search of to provide archival-quality paintings. Whereas student-grade units supply a cost-effective entry level, investing in a set with superior pigments provides vital benefits when it comes to colour vibrancy, lightfastness, and general longevity of the completed piece. This data permits artists to make knowledgeable selections about their supplies and aligns with the pursuit of making enduring and vibrant paintings.

2. Colour Choice

Colour choice inside a 24-color block watercolor set considerably influences an artist’s inventive potential. A thoughtfully curated palette offers a basis for various inventive expression, impacting the flexibility to combine a variety of hues and obtain particular moods or atmospheric results. Cautious consideration of colour choice contributes on to the flexibility and general utility of the set.

  • Major Colours

    Inclusion of pure, high-quality major colours (sometimes a cool and heat model of every) varieties the idea for mixing a broad spectrum of secondary and tertiary colours. As an example, a set containing a lemon yellow and a cadmium yellow, alongside a everlasting rose and an alizarin crimson, expands mixing prospects. This offers a extra complete vary than a set with just one model of every major. The presence of a number of major variations empowers artists to create nuanced colour mixtures and discover a wider vary of colour temperatures.

  • Secondary Colours

    Whereas secondary colours can theoretically be combined from primaries, their inclusion throughout the set provides comfort and ensures colour consistency. Pre-mixed secondary colours, equivalent to vibrant greens, oranges, and violets, expedite the portray course of, significantly for detailed work or when particular hues are required. This frees artists to concentrate on inventive expression slightly than intricate colour mixing.

  • Earth Tones and Neutrals

    The presence of earth tones, like burnt sienna, yellow ochre, and uncooked umber, enhances the set’s versatility, significantly for panorama portray or depicting pure topics. Neutrals, equivalent to Payne’s grey or a pre-mixed black, present important values for shadows and create distinction inside a composition. The cautious steadiness of those muted tones with brighter hues contributes to a harmonious palette.

  • Comfort Colours

    Some units embody “comfort colours,” pre-mixed hues that stretch past primary major, secondary, and earth tones. These would possibly embody particular greens formulated for foliage, pores and skin tones, or different specialised purposes. Whereas not strictly important, these additions can streamline sure portray processes and supply artists ready-made options for frequent colour wants.

The interaction of major, secondary, earth tones, and comfort colours defines the character and utility of a 24-color block watercolor set. A balanced choice caters to a broader vary of inventive types and subject material, maximizing inventive potential. Understanding these elements permits for knowledgeable selections relating to set choice and its suitability for particular person inventive targets. For instance, a set targeted on panorama portray would possibly prioritize earth tones, whereas a set meant for portraiture might emphasize pores and skin tones and refined gradations of colour.

3. Block Format

The block format distinguishes “colour block watercolor 24” units, influencing each sensible use and inventive outcomes. Particular person paint blocks, dried and organized inside a compact container, supply distinct benefits over conventional tube watercolors. This format straight impacts portability, group, and the method of colour mixing.

Portability stems from the strong nature of the paint blocks. In contrast to liquid watercolors, blocks eradicate the danger of spills or leakage, making them perfect for journey and plein air portray. Group is enhanced by the structured association throughout the set. Colours are sometimes grouped by hue, facilitating fast choice and environment friendly workflow. The flat floor of every block permits for managed loading of brushes, selling exact colour utility and minimizing waste. For instance, an artist portray a panorama can readily choose and apply greens, blues, and browns without having to open a number of tubes or fear about cross-contamination.

The block format additionally influences the blending course of. Colours may be blended straight on the block’s floor or picked up with a moist brush and combined on a palette. This technique provides granular management over colour saturation and depth. Artists can simply create customized mixes by various the comb’s moisture stage and the quantity of pigment lifted from every block. This direct, tactile strategy to paint mixing contributes to a singular and dynamic portray expertise. The convenience of use and organizational advantages offered by the block format make “colour block watercolor 24” units a sexy choice for artists of all ability ranges, whether or not working in a studio or on location. The compact nature and self-contained design help environment friendly workflow and encourage experimentation with colour.

4. Portability

Portability is a defining attribute of colour block watercolor 24 units, considerably impacting their suitability for varied portray eventualities. The compact and self-contained nature of those units expands inventive prospects past the confines of a studio, facilitating portray in various areas and enriching inventive experiences. This inherent portability distinguishes block units from different watercolor codecs, influencing their enchantment and practicality.

  • Compact Design

    The strong block format eliminates the necessity for separate tubes, brushes, and palettes, decreasing general bulk and weight. This compact design permits for simple storage and transport in backpacks, satchels, or devoted artwork luggage, making them perfect companions for journey, city sketching, and plein air portray. The minimized footprint additionally makes them appropriate to be used in small or shared workspaces.

  • Spill-Proof Nature

    In contrast to liquid watercolors, strong blocks eradicate the danger of spills and leaks, preserving each the artist’s supplies and the encompassing atmosphere. This attribute is especially precious when portray open air or in transit, the place unintentional spills might be disruptive or damaging. This inherent stability contributes to the set’s general practicality and comfort.

  • Self-Contained Setup

    The built-in nature of block units usually consists of built-in palettes or mixing surfaces throughout the container itself. This self-contained design additional enhances portability, eliminating the necessity for added gear. The minimized setup permits artists to shortly transition from location to location and start portray with minimal preparation, fostering spontaneity and artistic exploration.

  • Adaptability to Numerous Environments

    From bustling cityscapes to serene pure settings, the portability of colour block watercolor 24 units allows artists to seize inspiration wherever it strikes. This adaptability extends their inventive attain and encourages inventive engagement with the world round them. The convenience of transport empowers artists to doc their travels, create visible journals, or just seize fleeting moments of magnificence in various environments.

The portability of colour block watercolor 24 units expands inventive horizons. By eradicating the constraints imposed by conventional watercolor codecs, these units encourage exploration and on-location portray, finally enhancing inventive flexibility and selling a extra immersive inventive expertise. This key characteristic contributes considerably to their recognition amongst artists in search of each comfort and artistic freedom.

5. Mixing Potential

Mixing potential represents a essential side of colour block watercolor 24 units, straight influencing their versatility and suitability for various inventive purposes. The flexibility to create a variety of hues from a restricted number of base colours considerably impacts an artist’s inventive freedom and management over colour palettes. Understanding the elements that contribute to mixing potential permits for knowledgeable analysis and efficient utilization of those units.

  • Pigment Traits

    The inherent properties of particular person pigments, together with their transparency, opacity, and granulation, straight affect mixing outcomes. Clear pigments enable mild to cross via, creating luminous washes and enabling optical colour mixing. Opaque pigments, conversely, block mild, leading to denser, extra saturated mixtures. Granulating pigments settle into the paper’s texture, creating attention-grabbing textural results. For instance, mixing a clear yellow with a granulating blue can produce a vibrant inexperienced with refined textural variations. Cautious consideration of those traits permits artists to foretell and management mixing outcomes.

  • Colour Choice throughout the Set

    A well-balanced number of colours throughout the 24-block set offers a basis for in depth mixing prospects. The inclusion of a various vary of hues, encompassing heat and funky variations of major colours, together with important secondary colours and earth tones, expands the achievable colour gamut. A set with a restricted vary of hues, even with high-quality pigments, might limit mixing potential. As an example, a set missing a cool blue would possibly restrict the flexibility to create sure greens or purples.

  • Block Floor and Water Management

    The flat, strong floor of the colour blocks facilitates managed loading of brushes, influencing the precision of colour mixing. Various the quantity of water used permits artists to create washes of various depth and saturation. The flexibility to select up exact quantities of pigment from every block promotes correct colour mixing and minimizes waste. For instance, creating a fragile wash requires a lightweight contact and ample water, whereas a vibrant, saturated combine necessitates extra pigment and fewer water.

  • Binder High quality

    The binder utilized in formulating the watercolor paints impacts how readily pigments disperse and blend. A high-quality binder, like gum arabic, ensures easy, even mixing and prevents pigment separation. Inferior binders can result in uneven colour distribution and unpredictable mixing outcomes. This underscores the significance of contemplating binder high quality alongside pigment traits when evaluating mixing potential.

The interaction of those elements determines the general mixing potential of a colour block watercolor 24 set. A set with high-quality pigments, a balanced colour choice, and a superior binder provides the best versatility and management, enabling artists to discover a large spectrum of colour and obtain nuanced mixing outcomes. This understanding empowers artists to make knowledgeable selections and maximize the inventive potential of their chosen set.

6. Vibrancy

Vibrancy, a key attribute of profitable watercolor work, is straight influenced by the standard and utility of the paint itself. Throughout the context of a colour block watercolor 24 set, vibrancy contributes considerably to the general affect and aesthetic enchantment of the paintings. Attaining vibrant colours includes understanding the interaction of pigment high quality, colour mixing strategies, and the properties of the portray floor.

  • Pigment High quality

    Excessive-quality pigments possess inherent luminosity and saturation, contributing straight to paint vibrancy. Finely floor pigments, usually present in artist-grade paints, replicate mild extra effectively, leading to richer, extra intense colours in comparison with coarser, student-grade pigments. The distinction is especially noticeable in washes and layered purposes, the place high-quality pigments retain their brilliance even when diluted. Cadmium pigments, for instance, are famend for his or her intense vibrancy and lightfastness, contributing considerably to the general brilliance of a portray.

  • Colour Mixing Strategies

    Correct colour mixing strategies are important for preserving vibrancy. Over-mixing or utilizing extreme water can dilute pigment focus and result in boring, lifeless colours. Understanding colour principle and using strategies like glazing, the place skinny layers of clear colour are layered over each other, can improve vibrancy and create luminous results. For instance, layering a clear yellow over a dry orange glaze can create a extra vibrant and complicated orange hue than mixing the 2 colours straight on the palette.

  • Paper Properties

    The traits of the watercolor paper considerably affect the vibrancy of utilized colours. Excessive-quality, 100% cotton watercolor paper with a textured floor enhances colour vibrancy by permitting pigments to settle into the paper’s fibers, maximizing mild reflection. Decrease high quality papers containing wooden pulp can soak up pigments excessively, resulting in muted colours. The paper’s weight and sizing additionally play a task; heavier, correctly sized paper helps a number of washes and glazing strategies with out buckling, contributing to the vibrancy of layered colours.

  • Lightfastness

    Whereas in a roundabout way contributing to preliminary vibrancy, lightfastness ensures that the brilliance of the colours stays over time. Pigments with poor lightfastness will fade upon publicity to mild, diminishing the vibrancy and general affect of the paintings. Selecting paints with excessive lightfastness rankings is essential for preserving the vibrancy and longevity of the portray. For instance, utilizing a fugitive purple in a vibrant panorama will lead to a boring, light look over time, compromising the preliminary vibrancy of the paintings.

The vibrancy achieved with a colour block watercolor 24 set hinges on the interaction of those elements. Deciding on a set with high-quality, lightfast pigments is an important first step. Coupled with acceptable mixing strategies and the usage of appropriate watercolor paper, artists can maximize the vibrancy of their colours, creating paintings with lasting brilliance and affect. By understanding these parts, artists can totally exploit the potential of their colour block set and obtain the specified stage of vibrancy of their work.

7. Lightfastness

Lightfastness, a essential issue influencing the longevity of watercolor work, denotes a pigment’s resistance to fading or colour shift upon publicity to mild. Throughout the context of a colour block watercolor 24 set, lightfastness straight impacts the long-term preservation of the paintings’s vibrancy and meant aesthetic. Understanding lightfastness rankings and their implications permits for knowledgeable selections relating to pigment choice and ensures the enduring high quality of inventive creations.

  • Pigment Properties and Scores

    Pigment lightfastness is decided by inherent chemical properties and varies considerably throughout totally different pigments. Producers sometimes present lightfastness rankings, usually utilizing standardized scales such because the American Society for Testing and Supplies (ASTM) scale or the Blue Wool Scale. These rankings, sometimes represented by Roman numerals (e.g., I, II, III) or abbreviations (e.g., ASTM I, ASTM II), categorize pigments primarily based on their resistance to fading beneath particular mild publicity circumstances. Increased rankings point out larger lightfastness, which means the colour will resist fading for prolonged durations. For instance, a pigment rated ASTM I displays wonderful lightfastness and is appropriate for archival-quality paintings, whereas a pigment rated ASTM III or decrease would possibly fade noticeably inside a shorter timeframe.

  • Affect on Art work Longevity

    Lightfastness straight correlates with the lifespan of a watercolor portray. Art work created with fugitive, or non-lightfast, pigments will step by step lose vibrancy and colour saturation when uncovered to mild, particularly daylight or UV radiation. This degradation can considerably alter the meant aesthetic and diminish the paintings’s worth over time. Conversely, paintings created with lightfast pigments retains its unique colours and vibrancy for prolonged durations, even beneath common mild publicity, making certain the paintings’s enduring high quality and preserving the artist’s imaginative and prescient.

  • Issues for Colour Block Units

    When deciding on a colour block watercolor 24 set, cautious consideration of pigment lightfastness is essential, significantly for paintings meant for show or long-term preservation. Units composed primarily of lightfast pigments characterize a precious funding, making certain the longevity and continued vibrancy of the paintings. Whereas student-grade units would possibly comprise some much less lightfast pigments to scale back prices, artist-grade units sometimes prioritize lightfastness, contributing to their larger value level. Evaluating lightfastness rankings inside a set helps artists make knowledgeable selections aligned with their inventive targets and the meant lifespan of their work.

  • Sensible Implications for Artists

    Understanding lightfastness informs sensible selections relating to show and storage practices. Art work containing fugitive pigments needs to be displayed away from direct daylight or beneath UV-filtering glass to mitigate fading. Correct storage, in a darkish, cool, and dry atmosphere, additionally contributes to preservation. Artists ought to doc the pigments used of their paintings, together with their lightfastness rankings, to facilitate future conservation efforts and make sure the long-term preservation of their work. For instance, noting {that a} particular purple utilized in a portray is a fugitive Alizarin Crimson alerts future homeowners to the necessity for cautious show and storage to reduce fading.

Lightfastness acts as a essential bridge between the preliminary vibrancy of a watercolor portray and its long-term preservation. Inside a colour block watercolor 24 set, selecting pigments with excessive lightfastness rankings ensures that the paintings retains its brilliance and meant aesthetic for generations to return. This understanding permits artists to create enduring paintings and make knowledgeable selections about supplies, finally contributing to the preservation of inventive legacies.

8. Value-Effectiveness

Value-effectiveness performs a major function within the analysis and number of colour block watercolor 24 units. Balancing value with elements like pigment high quality, colour choice, and general set options requires cautious consideration. Assessing cost-effectiveness includes understanding the connection between value, high quality, and long-term worth, enabling knowledgeable buying selections aligned with particular person inventive wants and budgetary constraints.

  • Preliminary Funding vs. Lengthy-Time period Worth

    Evaluating cost-effectiveness requires contemplating each the preliminary buy value and the long-term worth supplied by the set. The next preliminary funding in a set with artist-grade, lightfast pigments would possibly supply larger long-term worth in comparison with a inexpensive set containing student-grade pigments vulnerable to fading. Whereas the preliminary value could also be larger, the longevity of the paintings produced justifies the funding, particularly for artists creating items meant on the market or exhibition. For instance, a portray created with lightfast pigments retains its worth over time, whereas a portray created with fugitive pigments would possibly fade and lose worth.

  • Pigment High quality and Value

    Pigment high quality considerably influences the value of a colour block watercolor 24 set. Sure pigments, because of their rarity or advanced manufacturing processes, are inherently costlier than others. Units containing the next proportion of those premium pigments sometimes command the next value. For instance, units containing real Cadmium or Cobalt pigments usually value greater than units using artificial substitutes. Understanding the connection between pigment high quality and value permits artists to make knowledgeable decisions primarily based on their funds and desired colour palette.

  • Set Options and Packaging

    Past pigment high quality, extra options and packaging affect the general cost-effectiveness of a set. Units with options like built-in palettes, mixing surfaces, or larger high quality packaging supplies usually come at a premium. Evaluating the need of those options in relation to their added value helps decide general worth. A easy, practical set would possibly suffice for a newbie, whereas knowledgeable artist would possibly prioritize a set with premium options that improve workflow and portability. As an example, a set with a sturdy metallic case providing higher safety throughout journey is likely to be less expensive in the long term in comparison with a set with flimsy plastic packaging.

  • Amount vs. High quality

    The variety of colours in a set, whereas a consider value, doesn’t essentially equate to larger cost-effectiveness. A smaller set (like a 12-color set) with high-quality pigments would possibly supply higher worth than a bigger set (like a 36-color set) containing decrease high quality or redundant colours. Specializing in a fastidiously curated number of important, high-quality pigments usually proves less expensive than a bigger set with much less regularly used or inferior pigments. A smaller set with a balanced number of lightfast colours permits for environment friendly mixing and larger management over colour harmonies.

Assessing cost-effectiveness necessitates a complete analysis of varied elements past the preliminary price ticket of a colour block watercolor 24 set. Balancing pigment high quality, set options, and the amount of colours with particular person inventive wants and budgetary limitations empowers knowledgeable decision-making. Prioritizing long-term worth and specializing in important, high-quality supplies finally contributes to a extra satisfying and cost-effective inventive expertise.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to 24-color block watercolor units, offering concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable decision-making and optimum utilization of those portray supplies.

Query 1: What are the important thing benefits of utilizing a block format over conventional tube watercolors?

Block watercolors supply enhanced portability, organized colour association, and managed pigment loading, contributing to environment friendly workflow and decreased danger of spills. These traits make them significantly appropriate for on-location portray and journey.

Query 2: How does pigment high quality affect the longevity and vibrancy of paintings created with these units?

Increased high quality pigments supply superior lightfastness, resisting fading over time. Finely floor pigments additionally contribute to elevated colour depth and saturation, leading to extra vibrant and luminous paintings. Artist-grade pigments sometimes supply superior lightfastness and vibrancy in comparison with student-grade choices.

Query 3: What elements needs to be thought of when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of various units?

Value-effectiveness includes balancing preliminary funding with long-term worth. Pigment high quality, set options (equivalent to built-in palettes), and the variety of included colours contribute to general worth. A smaller set with high-quality pigments would possibly supply larger long-term worth than a bigger set with decrease high quality pigments.

Query 4: Are these units appropriate for each freshmen {and professional} artists?

Sure, 24-color block watercolor units cater to artists of all ability ranges. Freshmen profit from the comfort and arranged format, whereas professionals recognize the portability and managed mixing potential supplied by high-quality block units. The selection usually is dependent upon particular person preferences and inventive aims.

Query 5: How does one maximize the blending potential of a restricted 24-color palette?

Understanding colour principle and pigment properties, equivalent to transparency and granulation, permits for efficient colour mixing. Using a wide range of brush strategies and controlling water utility additional expands mixing prospects. Experimentation and apply are key to maximizing the potential of a restricted palette.

Query 6: What function does paper choice play in attaining vibrant and profitable watercolor work?

Excessive-quality, 100% cotton watercolor paper enhances colour vibrancy and prevents buckling. The paper’s texture, weight, and sizing affect pigment absorption and the general look of washes and layered purposes. Selecting acceptable paper is essential for optimum outcomes.

Cautious consideration of those regularly requested questions empowers knowledgeable selections relating to the choice and utilization of 24-color block watercolor units. Understanding the interaction of pigment high quality, set options, and inventive strategies contributes to a extra satisfying and profitable portray expertise.

The next part will delve into particular strategies for using colour block watercolor units successfully.

Ideas for Using 24-Colour Block Watercolor Units

Maximizing the potential of a 24-color block watercolor set includes understanding particular strategies and approaches that leverage the distinctive traits of this medium. The next suggestions supply sensible steering for attaining optimum outcomes and exploring the versatile capabilities of those units.

Tip 1: Layering for Depth and Luminosity: Skinny, clear washes layered successively create depth and luminosity. Permit every layer to dry utterly earlier than making use of subsequent layers to forestall colour bleeding and muddiness. This system permits mild to cross via the layers, leading to a luminous, glowing impact.

Tip 2: Using the Block Floor for Mixing: The floor of every block can function a palette for pre-mixing colours. A moist brush may be stroked throughout the block to raise pigment, then combined with different colours on the block itself or a separate palette. This technique provides exact management over colour saturation.

Tip 3: Various Water Management for Numerous Results: Controlling the water-to-pigment ratio influences the depth and transparency of washes. A drier brush produces extra concentrated colour, whereas a wetter brush creates lighter, extra diffuse washes. Experimentation with various water ranges expands inventive prospects.

Tip 4: Dry Brush Strategies for Texture and Element: A dry brush method, the place a brush with minimal moisture is loaded with pigment and dragged throughout the paper’s floor, creates attention-grabbing textures and particulars. This system is especially efficient for depicting foliage, wooden grain, or different textured surfaces.

Tip 5: Lifting Strategies for Highlights and Corrections: Extra pigment or undesirable colour may be lifted from the paper utilizing a clear, damp brush or a blotting device. This system is beneficial for creating highlights, softening edges, or correcting errors. Timing is essential; lifting is best whereas the paint continues to be damp.

Tip 6: Exploiting Granulating Pigments for Textural Results: Sure pigments exhibit granulation, settling into the paper’s texture and creating attention-grabbing visible results. Exploiting these granulating pigments provides depth and complexity to washes, significantly in panorama or pure subject material.

Tip 7: Preserving Vibrancy via Restricted Mixing: Over-mixing colours can result in muddiness and decreased vibrancy. Goal for clear, decisive mixes and permit the transparency of particular person pigments to shine via, particularly when working with a restricted palette like a 24-color set.

Using these strategies enhances management over the medium and unlocks the total inventive potential of 24-color block watercolor units. Understanding these approaches allows exploration of various results, contributing to the creation of vibrant and expressive watercolor work.

The next conclusion will summarize the important thing advantages and issues mentioned all through this exploration of 24-color block watercolor units.

Conclusion

Exploration of 24-color block watercolor units reveals vital benefits for artists. The block format affords portability and arranged colour association, facilitating environment friendly workflows and on-location portray. Pigment high quality straight impacts vibrancy and lightfastness, essential elements for long-term paintings preservation. Cautious consideration of pigment properties, colour choice throughout the set, and acceptable mixing strategies maximizes inventive potential. Value-effectiveness hinges on balancing preliminary funding with long-term worth, factoring in pigment high quality and set options. Understanding these parts empowers knowledgeable selections relating to set choice and utilization.

Colour block watercolor 24 units supply a flexible and accessible medium for inventive expression. Understanding the interaction of supplies, strategies, and inventive imaginative and prescient unlocks their full inventive potential, enabling the creation of vibrant and enduring paintings. Additional exploration and experimentation with these units promise continued inventive discovery and the belief of particular person inventive visions.